指導教授 – 康鈺珮

口試委員 – 徐鵬飛、林玫君

中文摘要：

西蒙波娃在《第二性》中詳細陳述不同女性角色一生中的處境，在波娃主張的理論中，她探討了許多有關女性存在的本質，其中有與沙特存在主義思想相同的概念，因此波娃的女性主義也被後人定義為：存在主義女性主義。波娃認為女人是由社會所建構，而非自然生成，這使得女人只能是客體，窮極一生在追求他人的認可。沙特在《存在與虛無》中提出「自在存在」與「自為存在」兩種意識，前者為無自由、無自主意識的存在客體，後者則為有自由、有意向的存在主體。雖然波娃認為女性是客體般的自在存在，但以沙特所言「人皆是有選擇的」，意味著只要人意識到自己的主體性，在思維上有所解放，改變其面對生命之態度，皆有可能轉為自為的存在。而這也開啟了研究者探討現代女性穿戴胸罩的現象，認為女性在穿戴胸罩上擁有絕對的自主權，且女性應對自身發展擁有「自為」的選擇能力。

「胸罩」是為一般人眼中最貼近女性的衣物，但對於女性本身而言，穿戴者是否真正喜愛穿著胸罩，並且接納它替自己身體雕塑的模樣？胸罩對於不同歷史階段下西方女性的社會角色、性別形象、自我認同產生了什麼樣的影響，讓女性無法完全地擁有穿戴的權利，甚至在女性的心理內化成一種社會約束，塑造了社會對女性的審美標準與刻板印象。研究者以法國胸罩品牌——「奧巴德」與「萊賈比時裝屋」為研究文本，作為驗證法國女性思維逐漸由「自在」轉「自為」之實例。在理論探討方面，研究者主要借用波娃的存在主義女性主義、沙特的存在主義，其次則援引鮑德里亞的消費理論，和福柯與拉岡對於凝視權力的概念，來探究長久以來女性在父權社會下所受到的性別壓迫、女性身上的不平等標籤，以及女性被剝奪的身體自主權。

英文摘要：

Simone de Beauvoir meticulously describes the situations faced by different female characters throughout their lives in The Second Sex. Within Beauvoir’s advocated theory, she explores numerous aspects of the essence of female existence, some of which align with Simone de Beauvoir’s existentialist ideas. As a result, Beauvoir’s feminism has been defined by later scholars as existentialist feminism. Beauvoir argues that women are socially constructed rather than naturally created, which confines women to an objectified state, continually seeking validation from others.

In Being and Nothingness, Jean-Paul Sartre presents two forms of consciousness: “self-being,”an unfree and non-self-conscious existence as an object, and“self-making,”a free and intentional subjectivity. Although Beauvoir views women as self-being, according to Sartre’s assertion that“all people have choices,”it implies that individuals can realize their subjectivity, attain mental liberation, and change their attitudes towards life, thereby transforming into self-making. This concept also motivates researchers to investigate the phenomenon of modern women wearing bras and should have the“self-making”capacity for self-development.

“Bras”are perceived as the clothing item closest to femininity in the eyes of the general public. However, for women themselves, do they genuinely enjoy wearing bras and accept the way it shapes their bodies? What impact has the bra had on the social roles, gender images, and self-identity of Western women in different historical periods, preventing women from fully exercising their right to wear bras and even internalizing it as a societal constraint? This has shaped societal aesthetic standards and stereotypes regarding women. Researchers examine French bra brands such as“Aubade" and“Lejaby Maison de Couture”as research texts to validate the gradual shift from“self-being”to“self-making”in French women’s thinking. Theoretical exploration mainly draws upon Beauvoir’s existentialist feminism, Sartre’s existentialism, followed by Baudrillard’s consumer theory, as well as Foucault and Lacan’s concepts of the power of the gaze, to investigate long-standing gender oppression experienced by women in patriarchal societies, the unequal labels imposed on women, and the deprivation of women’s bodily autonomy.